Table of Contents
- Cover Page
- Foreword
- Abbreviations
- Synopsis
- Preliminary title Of the general definitions of rights and the promulgation of the laws
- Book I Of persons
- Title I Of the distinction of persons, and the privation of certain civil rights in certain cases
- Title II Of domicil and the manner of changing the same
- Title III Of absent persons
- Chapter I Of the curatorship of absent persons
- Chapter II Of the putting into provisional possession the heirs of the absentee
- Chapter III Of the effects of absence upon the eventual rights which may belong to the absentee
- Chapter IV Of the effects of absence respecting marriage
- Chapter V Of the care of minor children whose father has disappeared
- Title IV Of husband and wife
- Title V Of the separation from bed and board
- Chapter I Of the causes of separation from bed and board
- Chapter II Of the proceedings on separation from bed and board
- Chapter III Of the provisional proceedings to which a suit for separation may give occasion
- Chapter IV Of objections to the action of separation from bed and board
- Chapter V Of the effects of separation from bed and board
- Title VI Of master and servant
- Title VII Of father and child
- Title VIII Of minors, of their tutorship, curatorship and emancipation
- Chapter I Of tutorship
- Section I General dispositions
- Section II Of tutorship by nature
- Section III Of tutorship by will
- Section IV Of the tutorship by the effect of the law
- Section V Of dative tutorship
- Section VI Of the under tutor
- Section VII Of the causes which dispense or excuse from the tutorship
- Section VIII Of incapacity for, exclusion from and deprivation of the tutorship
- Section IX Of the administration of the tutor
- Chapter II Of the curatorship of minors
- Chapter III Of emancipation
- Chapter I Of tutorship
- Title IX Of persons insane, idiots, and other persons incapable of administering their estate
- Title X Of communities or corporations
- Book II Of things and of the different modifications of property
- Title I Of things or estates
- Title II Of absolute ownership
- Title III Of usufruct, use and habitation
- Title IV Of predial services or services of land
- Book III Of the different manners of acquiring the property of things
- Preliminary title General dispositions
- Title I Of successions
- Chapter I Of the different sorts of successions and heirs
- Chapter II Of legal successions
- Chapter III Of irregular successions
- Chapter IV In what manner successions are opened
- Chapter V Of the incapacity and unworthiness of the heirs
- Chapter VI In what manner a succession is accepted and how it is renounced
- Chapter VII Of the administration of vacant estates and estates ab intestato
- Chapter VIII Of partition among heirs and of the collation of goods
- Title II Of donations inter vivos (between living persons) and mortis causa (in prospect of death)
- Chapter I General dispositions
- Chapter II Of the capacity necessary for disposing of and receiving by donation inter vivos or mortis causa
- Chapter III Of the portion disposable, and of its reduction in case of excess
- Chapter IV Of dispositions reprobated by the law in donations inter vivos and mortis causa
- Chapter V Of donations inter vivos (between living)
- Chapter VI Of dispositions mortis causa (in the prospect of death)
- Section I Of testament or codicil
- Section II Of the form of testaments and codicils
- Section III Of testamentary dispositions
- Section IV Of the institution of heir and of disinherison
- Section V Of legacies
- Section VI Of the opening and the proof of wills, and of testamentary executions
- Section VII Of the revocation of testaments and codicils and of their caducity
- Section VIII Of the interpretation of testamentary dispositions
- Chapter VII Of partitions made by parents among their descendants
- Chapter VIII Of donations made by marriage contract to the husband or wife, and to the children to be born of the marriage
- Chapter IX Of donations between married persons, either by marriage contract, or during the marriage
- Title III Of contracts and of conventional obligations in general
- Chapter I Preliminary dispositions
- Chapter II Of the conditions essential to the validity of agreements
- Chapter III Of the effect of obligations
- Section I General dispositions
- Section II Of the obligation of giving
- Section III Of the obligations of doing or of not doing
- Section IV Of the damages resulting from the non execution of the obligation
- Section V Of the interpretation of the agreements
- Section VI Of the effect of agreements with regard to persons not parties to them
- Chapter IV Of the different kinds of obligations
- Chapter V Of the extinction of obligations
- Chapter VI Of the proof of obligations and of that of payment
- Title IV Of engagements formed without agreements, or of quasi contracts and quasi offences
- Title V Of marriage contract
- Title VI Of sale
- Chapter I Of the nature and form of the contract of sale, and of the manner in which it is to be performed
- Chapter II Of persons capable of buying and selling, and of things which may be sold
- Chapter III Of the obligations of the seller
- Chapter IV Of the obligations of the buyer
- Chapter V Of the nullity and rescissions of the sale
- Chapter VI Of sales by cant or auction
- Chapter VII Of the assignment or transfer of debts and other incorporeal rights
- Title VII Of exchange
- Title VIII Of letting and hiring
- Title IX Of partnership
- Title X Of loan
- Title XI Of deposit and sequestration
- Title XII Of aleatory contracts
- Title XIII Of mandate or commission
- Chapter I Of the nature of proxies, mandates and commissions
- Chapter II What persons may be appointed attornies in fact
- Chapter III Of the obligations of a person acting under a power of attorney
- Chapter IV Of the obligations of the principal who acts by his attorney in fact
- Chapter V How the procuration expires
- Title XIV Of suretyship
- Title XV Of transactions
- Title XVI Of respite
- Title XVII Of compromises or arbitration
- Title XVIII Of pledge
- Title XIX Of privileges and mortgages
- Title XX Of occupancy, possession and prescription
- Title XXI Of the title by judgment or seizure
- Index
- Manuscript index
- Manuscript index Part 2
SECTION IV - OF OBLIGATIONS IN SOLIDO OR JOINTLY AND SEVERALLY
§ 1 - OF THE OBLIGATION IN SOLIDO BETWEEN CREDITORS
Art. 97. The obligation is in solido or joint and several, between several creditors; when the title expressly gives to each of them, the right of demanding payment of the total of what is due, and when the payment made to any one of them discharges the debtor, although the benefit of the obligation be to be shared and divided among the different creditors.
Art. 98. It is at the option of the debtor, to pay any one of the creditors in solido, as long as he has not been prevented by a suit instituted by one of them.
Yet if one of the creditors in solido remits the debt, the debtor is hereby exonerated only as to the part coming to that individual creditor.
Art. 99. Every act which interrupts prescription with regard to one of the creditors in solido, avails the other creditors.
§ 2 - OF THE OBLIGATION IN SOLIDO ON THE PART OF DEBTORS
Art. 100. There is an obligation in solido on the part of the debtors when they are all obliged to the same thing, so that each may be compelled for the whole, and when the payment made by one of them exonerates the other towards the creditor.
Art. 101. The obligation may be in solido though one of the debtors be obliged differently from the other, to the payment of one and the same thing: for instance, if the one be but conditionally bound, whilst the engagement of the other, is pure and simple, or if the one is allowed a term which is not granted to the other.
Art. 102. An obligation in solido is not presumed; it must be expressly stipulated.
This rule ceases to prevail only in cases where an obligation in solido takes place of right, by virtue of some provisions of the law.
Art. 103. The creditor of an obligation contracted in solido, may apply to any one of the debtors he pleases, without the debtor's having a right to plead the benefit of division.
Art. 104. A suit brought against one of the debtors, does not bar the creditor from bringing suits on the same account, against the others.
Art. 105. If the thing due has perished through the fault of one or more debtors in solido, or while he or they delayed to deliver it, the other co-debtors are not discharged from the obligation of paying the value of the thing; but the latter are not liable for damages.
The creditor can claim damages only from the debtors by whose fault the thing was lost, and from those who delayed to deliver it.
Art. 106. A suit brought against one of the debtors in solido, interrupts prescription with regard to all.
Art. 107. A demand of interest made of one of the debtors in solido makes interest run with respect to all.
Art. 108. A co-debtor in solido being sued by the creditor, may plead all the exceptions resulting from the nature of the obligation, and all such as are personal to himself, as well as such as are common to all the creditors.
He cannot plead such exceptions as are merely personal to some of the other co-debtors.
Art. 109. When one of the debtors becomes sole heir of the creditor, or when the creditor becomes sole heir of one of the debtors, the confusion extinguishes the debt in solido only for the part and portion of the debtor, or of the creditor.
Art. 110. The creditor who consents to the division of the debt, with regard to one of the co-debtors, still has an action in solido against the others, but under the deduction of the part of the debtor whom he has discharged from the debt in solido.
Art. 111. The creditor who receives separately the part of one of the debtors, without reserving in the receipt the debt in solido, or his rights in general, renounces the debt in solido only with regard to that debtor.
The creditor is not deemed to remit the debt in solido to the debtor, when he receives from him a sum equal to the portion due by him, unless the receipt specifies that it is for his part.
The same is to be observed of the mere demand made of one of the co-debtors, for his part, if the latter has not acquiesced in the demand, or if judgement has not been given against him.
Art. 112. The creditor who receives separately and without reservation, the portion of one of the co-debtors, in the arrearages and interest of the debt, loses his claim in solido only as to the arrearages and interest due, and not as to those that may in the future become due, nor as to the capital, unless the separate payment has been continued during ten successive years.
Art. 113. The obligation contracted in solido towards the creditor, is of right divided amongst the debtors, who amongst themselves, are liable each only for his part and portion.
Art. 114. If one of the co-debtors in solido pays the whole debt, he can claim from the others no more than the part and portion of each.
If one of them be insolvent, the loss occasioned by his insolvency, must be equally shared amongst all the other solvent co-debtors, and him who has made the payment.
Art. 115. In case the creditor has renounced his action in solido against one of the debtors, and one or more of the other co-debtors become insolvent, the portion of the insolvent, shall be made up by equal contribution, by all the debtors, and even those precedently discharged from the debt by the creditor in solido, shall contribute their part.
Art. 116. If the affair for which the debt has been contracted in solido, concerns only one of the co-obligees in solido, that one is liable for the whole debt towards the other co-debtors, who with regard to him, are considered only as his securities.
SECTION IV - DES OBLIGATIONS SOLIDAIRES
§ 1 - DE LA SOLIDARITÉ ENTRE LES CRÉANCIERS
Art. 97. L'obligation est solidaire entre plusieurs créanciers, lorsque le titre donne expressément à chacun d'eux, le droit de demander le payement du total de la créance, et que le payement fait à l'un d'eux, libère le débiteur, encore que le bénéfice de l'obligation soit partageable et divisible entre les divers créanciers.
Art. 98. Il est au choix du débiteur, de payer à l'un ou à l'autre des créanciers solidaires, tant qu'il n'a pas été prévenu par les poursuites de l'un d'eux.
Néanmoins, la remise qui n'est faite que par l'un des créanciers solidaires, ne libère le débiteur que pour la part de ce créancier.
Art. 99. Tout acte qui interrompt la prescription, à l'égard de l'un des créanciers solidaires, profite aux autres créanciers.
§ 2 - DE LA SOLIDARITÉ DE LA PART DES DÉBITEURS
Art. 100. Il y a solidarité de la part des débiteurs, lorsqu'ils sont obligés à une même chose, de manière que chacun puisse être contraint pour la totalité, et que le payement fait, par un seul, libère les autres envers le créancier.
Art. 101. L'obligation peut être solidaire, quoique l'un des débiteurs soit obligé différemment de l'autre au payement de la même chose; par exemple, si l'un n'est obligé que conditionnellement, tandis que l'engagement de l'autre est pur et simple, ou si l'un a pris un terme qui n'est point accordé a l'autre.
Art. 102. La solidarité ne se présume point, il faut qu'elle soit expressément stipulée.
Cette règle ne cesse, que dans les cas où la solidarité a lieu de plein droit, en vertu d'une disposition de la loi.
Art. 103. Le créancier d'une obligation contractée solidairement, peut s'adresser à celui des débiteurs qu'il veut choisir, sans que celui-ci puisse lui opposer le bénéfice de division.
Art. 104. Les poursuites, faites contre l'un des débiteurs, n'empêchent pas le créancier d'en exercer de pareilles contre les autres.
Art. 105. Si la chose a péri par la faute, ou pendant la demeure de l'un, ou de plusieurs des débiteurs solidaires, les autres co-débiteurs ne sont point déchargés de l'obligation de payer le prix de la chose, mais ceux-ci ne sont point tenus des dommages intérêts.
Le créancier peut seulement répéter les dommages et intérêts, tant contre les débiteurs, par la faute desquels la chose a péri, que contre ceux qui étaient en demeure.
Art. 106. Les poursuites faites, contre l'un des débiteurs solidaires, interrompent la prescription à l'égard de tous.
Art. 107. La demande d'intérêts, formée contre l'un des débiteurs solidaires, fait courir les intérêts à l'égard de tous.
Art. 108. Le co-débiteur solidaire, poursuivi par le créancier, peut opposer toutes les exceptions qui résultent de la nature de l'obligation, et toutes celles qui lui sont personnelles, ainsi que celles qui sont communes à tous les co-débiteurs.
Il ne peut opposer les exceptions qui sont purement personnelles à quelques-uns des autres co-débiteurs.
Art. 109. Lorsque l'un des débiteurs devient l'héritier unique du créancier, ou lorsque le créancier devient l'unique héritier de l'un des débiteurs, la confusion n'éteint la créance solidaire, que pour la part et portion du débiteur ou du créancier.
Art. 110. Le créancier, qui consent à la division de la dette, à l'égard de l'un des co-débiteurs, conserve son action solidaire contre les autres, mais sous la déduction de la part du débiteur qu'il a déchargé de la solidarité.
Art. 111. Le créancier, qui reçoit divisément la part de l'un des débiteurs, sans réserver dans la quittance la solidarité, ou ses droits en général, ne renonce à la solidarité qu'à l'égard de ce débiteur.
Le créancier n'est pas censé remettre la solidarité au débiteur, lorsqu'il reçoit de lui une somme égale à la portion dont il est tenu, si la quittance ne porte pas, que c'est pour sa part.
Il en est de même, de la simple demande formée contre l'un des con-débiteurs, pour sa part, si celui-ci n'a pas acquiescé à la demande, ou s'il n'est pas intervenu un jugement de condamnation.
Art. 112. Le créancier qui reçoit, divisément et sans réserve, la portion de l'un des co-débiteurs, dans les arrérages ou intérêts de la dette, ne perd la solidarité, que pour les arrérages et intérêts échus, et non pour ceux à échéoir, ni pour le capital, à moins que le payement divisé n'ait été continué pendant dix ans consécutifs.
Art. 113. L'obligation, contractée solidairement envers le créancier, se divise de plein droit entre les débiteurs, qui n'en sont tenus entre eux, que chacun pour sa part et portion.
Art. 114. Le co-débiteur d'une dette solidaire, qui l'a payée en entier, ne peut répéter, contre les autres, que la part et portion de chacun d'eux.
Si l'un d'eux se trouve insolvable, la perte qu'occasionne son insolvabilité, se répartit par contribution entre tous les autres co-débiteurs solvables, et celui qui a fait le payement.
Art. 115. Dans le cas où le créancier a renoncé à l'action solidaire envers l'un des débiteurs, si l'un ou plusieurs des autres débiteurs deviennent insolvables, la portion des insolvables sera contributoirement répartie entre tous les débiteurs, même entre ceux précédemment déchargés de la solidarité par le créancier.
Art. 116. Si l'affaire, pour laquelle la dette a été contractée solidairement, ne concernait que l'un des co-obligés solidaires, celui-ci serait tenu de toute la dette, vis-à-vis des autres co-débiteurs, qui ne seraient considérés, par rapport à lui, que comme ses cautions.
