Table of Contents
- Cover Page
- Foreword
- Abbreviations
- Synopsis
- Preliminary title Of the general definitions of rights and the promulgation of the laws
- Book I Of persons
- Title I Of the distinction of persons, and the privation of certain civil rights in certain cases
- Title II Of domicil and the manner of changing the same
- Title III Of absent persons
- Chapter I Of the curatorship of absent persons
- Chapter II Of the putting into provisional possession the heirs of the absentee
- Chapter III Of the effects of absence upon the eventual rights which may belong to the absentee
- Chapter IV Of the effects of absence respecting marriage
- Chapter V Of the care of minor children whose father has disappeared
- Title IV Of husband and wife
- Title V Of the separation from bed and board
- Chapter I Of the causes of separation from bed and board
- Chapter II Of the proceedings on separation from bed and board
- Chapter III Of the provisional proceedings to which a suit for separation may give occasion
- Chapter IV Of objections to the action of separation from bed and board
- Chapter V Of the effects of separation from bed and board
- Title VI Of master and servant
- Title VII Of father and child
- Title VIII Of minors, of their tutorship, curatorship and emancipation
- Chapter I Of tutorship
- Section I General dispositions
- Section II Of tutorship by nature
- Section III Of tutorship by will
- Section IV Of the tutorship by the effect of the law
- Section V Of dative tutorship
- Section VI Of the under tutor
- Section VII Of the causes which dispense or excuse from the tutorship
- Section VIII Of incapacity for, exclusion from and deprivation of the tutorship
- Section IX Of the administration of the tutor
- Chapter II Of the curatorship of minors
- Chapter III Of emancipation
- Chapter I Of tutorship
- Title IX Of persons insane, idiots, and other persons incapable of administering their estate
- Title X Of communities or corporations
- Book II Of things and of the different modifications of property
- Title I Of things or estates
- Title II Of absolute ownership
- Title III Of usufruct, use and habitation
- Title IV Of predial services or services of land
- Book III Of the different manners of acquiring the property of things
- Preliminary title General dispositions
- Title I Of successions
- Chapter I Of the different sorts of successions and heirs
- Chapter II Of legal successions
- Chapter III Of irregular successions
- Chapter IV In what manner successions are opened
- Chapter V Of the incapacity and unworthiness of the heirs
- Chapter VI In what manner a succession is accepted and how it is renounced
- Chapter VII Of the administration of vacant estates and estates ab intestato
- Chapter VIII Of partition among heirs and of the collation of goods
- Title II Of donations inter vivos (between living persons) and mortis causa (in prospect of death)
- Chapter I General dispositions
- Chapter II Of the capacity necessary for disposing of and receiving by donation inter vivos or mortis causa
- Chapter III Of the portion disposable, and of its reduction in case of excess
- Chapter IV Of dispositions reprobated by the law in donations inter vivos and mortis causa
- Chapter V Of donations inter vivos (between living)
- Chapter VI Of dispositions mortis causa (in the prospect of death)
- Section I Of testament or codicil
- Section II Of the form of testaments and codicils
- Section III Of testamentary dispositions
- Section IV Of the institution of heir and of disinherison
- Section V Of legacies
- Section VI Of the opening and the proof of wills, and of testamentary executions
- Section VII Of the revocation of testaments and codicils and of their caducity
- Section VIII Of the interpretation of testamentary dispositions
- Chapter VII Of partitions made by parents among their descendants
- Chapter VIII Of donations made by marriage contract to the husband or wife, and to the children to be born of the marriage
- Chapter IX Of donations between married persons, either by marriage contract, or during the marriage
- Title III Of contracts and of conventional obligations in general
- Chapter I Preliminary dispositions
- Chapter II Of the conditions essential to the validity of agreements
- Chapter III Of the effect of obligations
- Section I General dispositions
- Section II Of the obligation of giving
- Section III Of the obligations of doing or of not doing
- Section IV Of the damages resulting from the non execution of the obligation
- Section V Of the interpretation of the agreements
- Section VI Of the effect of agreements with regard to persons not parties to them
- Chapter IV Of the different kinds of obligations
- Chapter V Of the extinction of obligations
- Chapter VI Of the proof of obligations and of that of payment
- Title IV Of engagements formed without agreements, or of quasi contracts and quasi offences
- Title V Of marriage contract
- Title VI Of sale
- Chapter I Of the nature and form of the contract of sale, and of the manner in which it is to be performed
- Chapter II Of persons capable of buying and selling, and of things which may be sold
- Chapter III Of the obligations of the seller
- Chapter IV Of the obligations of the buyer
- Chapter V Of the nullity and rescissions of the sale
- Chapter VI Of sales by cant or auction
- Chapter VII Of the assignment or transfer of debts and other incorporeal rights
- Title VII Of exchange
- Title VIII Of letting and hiring
- Title IX Of partnership
- Title X Of loan
- Title XI Of deposit and sequestration
- Title XII Of aleatory contracts
- Title XIII Of mandate or commission
- Chapter I Of the nature of proxies, mandates and commissions
- Chapter II What persons may be appointed attornies in fact
- Chapter III Of the obligations of a person acting under a power of attorney
- Chapter IV Of the obligations of the principal who acts by his attorney in fact
- Chapter V How the procuration expires
- Title XIV Of suretyship
- Title XV Of transactions
- Title XVI Of respite
- Title XVII Of compromises or arbitration
- Title XVIII Of pledge
- Title XIX Of privileges and mortgages
- Title XX Of occupancy, possession and prescription
- Title XXI Of the title by judgment or seizure
- Index
- Manuscript index
- Manuscript index Part 2
SECTION IV - OF THE OBLIGATIONS OF THE OWNER
Art. 44. The owner of the thing subject to the usufruct, is bound to deliver said thing to the usufructuary or to let him take possession of the same.
Art. 45. He is bound neither to occasion any trouble or any obstacle to the enjoyment of the usufructuary, nor to impair the rights of the usufructuary either by his own deed, or in any manner whatever.
Art. 46. He is not at liberty either before or after the delivery of the thing, to make any alteration on premises or things subject to the usufruct, whereby the condition of the usufructuary may become worse, although the estate itself may be bettered by them. Hence he cannot raise the buildings nor cause any other to be erected in a place where there was none, unless it be with the consent of the usufructuary. He may still less cut down any trees of a wood, demolish a building, or make any other alteration to the injury of the usufructuary. And if he does, he shall be bound to make good the losses and damages which may result.
Art. 47. The owner of an estate subject to the usufruct, cannot lay said estate under any service, unless it be done in such a manner, as to be no injury to the usufructuary.
Art. 48. If the usufructuary cannot have the enjoyment because of some obstacle which the proprietor is bound to remove, the latter shall make good the losses and damages which are sustained by the non enjoyment, as if there be an eviction or any other disturbance against which the proprietor is bound to warrant, or if he refuses the usufructuary any necessary services which he is bound to render him.
Art. 49. The proprietor is not bound to re-build or restore to good condition that which happens to be demolished or damaged at the time that the usufruct is acquired, unless it happened by a fraud of his, or unless he was obliged by the title to put the things in a good condition.
Art. 50. The proprietor may mortgage or sell his estate, without the consent of the usufructuary, but he is prohibited from doing it in such circumstances and under such conditions as may be injurious to the enjoyment of the usufructuary.
SECTION V - HOW USUFRUCT EXPIRES
Art. 51. The right of the usufruct expires by the death of the usufructuary.
Art. 52. If the title of the usufruct has limited the right to it to commence or determine at a certain time, or in the event of a certain condition, the right will not commence or determine till the condition shall have happened or the time shall be elapsed.
Art. 53. If the usufructuary is charged to restore the usufruct to another person, his right to the usufruct will determine, whenever the time for making said restitution arrives.
Art. 54. The usufruct granted until a third person shall arrive at a certain age, lasts until that time, although the third person should die before the age is fixed on.
Art. 55. The usufruct which is granted to corporations, or other companies which do not die, lasts only thirty years.
Art. 56. The usufruct expires before the death of the usufructuary, by the extinction of the thing subject to the usufruct.
Thus the usufruct which is assigned upon a building, expires, if the building is destroyed by fire or any other accident, or if it falls down through the decay of years.
In this case the usufructuary would not even have the usufruct of the materials of this building, nor the place in which it stood. For the usufruct is to be restrained to what is specified in the title. But if the usufruct be assigned upon an estate of which the building is a part, the usufructuary shall enjoy both the soil and the materials.
Art. 57. If it happens that a part of the house be destroyed and that there remains another part of it, the usufruct will be preserved of that part of the house which remains, and of the place on which stood the part of the house which is destroyed, for the said place makes part of the said house and is an accessory to the part of it that remains.
Art. 58. Although the thing subject to the usufruct may be sold by the proprietor, or by his creditors upon an order of seizure, this sale makes no alteration in the right of the usufructuary, who continues to enjoy the same, unless he has formally renounced it. But if the thing subject to the usufruct, was mortgaged by the person who granted such usufruct, before he granted it, the usufructuary may be evicted of his right in consequence of the claim of the mortgage creditors; but in that case the usufructuary has his action against the proprietor of the thing upon which the usufruct was assigned, as has been said in the third section of the present title. In the same manner the usufructuary may be deprived of his usufruct by the seizure and sale which may be made of the same by his own creditors.
Art. 59. The usufruct may be forfeited likewise by the non enjoyment of this right by the usufructuary during thirty years.
Art. 60. The usufruct is again extinguished by the circumstance of the usufruct and property being vested in one and the same person. The reason is that no stipulated services can be due by a thing to the owner of said thing.
Art. 61. In fine the usufruct may cease by the abuse which the usufructuary makes in his enjoyment either in committing waste on the estate or in suffering it to go to decay, for want of repairs. In such case the judge may according to circumstances, order that the proprietor shall re-enter into the enjoyment of the property subject to the usufruct, on condition that he shall pay annually to the usufructuary or his representatives, a sum which shall be fixed on by the judge in proportion to the importance of the usufruct, until the time when the usufruct was to expire.
Art. 62. When the whole of the usufruct has expired the thing which was subject to it returns to and becomes again incorporated with the property, and from that time the person who had only the bare property, begins to enter into a full and entire property of the thing.
SECTION IV - DES ENGAGEMENS DU PROPRIÉTAIRE
Art. 44. Le propriétaire de la chose grévée d'usufruit, est tenu de délivrer cette chose à l'usufruitier, ou de souffrir qu'il s'en mette en possession.
Art. 45. Il ne doit apporter aucun trouble, aucun obstacle à la jouissance de l'usufruitier, ni nuire par son fait, ni de quelque manière que ce soit, à ses droits.
Art. 46. Il ne peut avant ou après la délivrance, faire aucuns changemens dans les lieux ou aux choses sujettes à l'usufruit, par où il empire la condition de l'usufruitier, quoique ce fut pour y faire des améliorations.
Ainsi il ne peut hausser un bâtiment, ni en faire un nouveau dans un fonds où il n'y en avait point, si ce n'est du consentement de l'usufruitier. Il peut encore moins dégrader un bois, démolir un édifice, ni faire d'autres changemens qui nuisent à l'usufruitier.
Et s'il le fait, il sera tenu des dommages intérêts qu'il aura causés.
Art. 47. Le propriétaire du fonds grévé d'usufruit, ne peut y imposer de servitude, à moins qu'il ne le fasse de manière à ne pas nuire à l'usufruitier.
Art. 48. Si l'usufruitier ne pouvait jouir par un obstacle que le propriétaire dut faire cesser, il sera tenu des dommages intérêts de la non jouissance, comme s'il y avait quelque éviction ou autre trouble dont il fut garant, ou s'il refusait à l'usufruitier quelque servitude nécessaire qu'il dut lui donner.
Art. 49. Le propriétaire n'est pas tenu de remettre en bon état, ce qui se trouve ou démoli ou endommagé au tems que l'usufruit est acquis, si ce n'est que ce fut pour son dol, ou qu'il fut chargé par le titre, de remettre les choses en bon état.
Art. 50. Le propriétaire peut hypothéquer ou vendre son bien, sans le consentement de l'usufruitier, mais il ne lui est pas permis de le faire dans des circonstances, ou sous des clauses qui préjudicient à la jouissance de celui-ci.
SECTION V - COMMENT FINIT L'USUFRUIT
Art. 51. Le droit de l'usufruit finit par la mort de l'usufruitier.
Art. 52. Si le titre de l'usufruitier en borne le droit, pour commencer et finir à un certain tems ou à l'événement d'une certaine condition, le droit ne commencera ou ne cessera que lorsque la condition sera arrivée ou le tems expiré.
Art. 53. Si l'usufruitier est chargé de rendre l'usufruit à une autre personne, son usufruit finira lorsque cette restitution devra être faite.
Art. 54. L'usufruit accordé jusqu'à ce qu'un tiers ait atteint un âge fixé, dure jusqu'à cette époque, encore que le tiers soit mort avant l'âge fixé.
Art. 55. L'usufruit qui est accordé à des corporations ou autres associations qui ne meurent pas, ne dure que trente ans.
Art. 56. L'usufruit finit avant la mort de l'usufruitier, par l'extinction de la chose qui y est sujette.
Ainsi l'usufruit qui n'est établi que sur un bâtiment, finit si ce bâtiment vient à être détruit par un incendie ou autre accident, ou à s'écrouler de vétusté.
En ce cas, l'usufruitier n'aura pas même d'usufruit sur les matériaux de ce bâtiment, ni sur le terrain où il était situé; son usufruit devant être restreint à ce qui se trouve spécialement énoncé dans son titre.
Mais si l'usufruit était établi sur un domaine dont le bâtiment faisait partie, l'usufruitier jouira du sol et des matériaux.
Art. 57. S'il arrive qu'une partie d'une maison vienne à être détruite, et qu'il en reste une autre partie, l'usufruit se conserve sur ce qui reste, et sur la place où était ce qui a été détruit; car cette place fesait partie de la maison et est un accessoire de la portion qui en reste.
Art. 58. Quoique la chose sujette à l'usufruit, puisse être vendue par le propriétaire ou par ses créanciers, sur saisie, cette vente n'apporte aucun changement dans le droit de l'usufruitier qui continue à jouir de son usufruit, s'il n'y a pas formellement renoncé.
Mais si la chose sujette à l'usufruit, a été hypothéquée par celui qui a constitué cet usufruit, antérieurement à cette constitution, l'usufruitier peut se trouver évincé de son droit par l'effet des poursuites des créanciers hypothécaires, sauf son recours contre le propriétaire de la chose affectée à l'usufruit , comme il a été dit dans la section 3éme. du présent titre.
De même l'usufruitier peut être privé de son usufruit, par la saisie et vente qu'en peuvent faire ses propres créanciers.
Art. 59. L'usufruit se perd encore par le défaut de jouissance de ce droit de la part de l'usufruitier pendant trente ans.
Art. 60. Il s'éteint aussi par la consolidation à la propriété, c'est-à-dire quand l'usufruit et la propriété concourent en la même personne; la raison est qu'une chose ne peut devoir une servitude à celui à qui elle appartient.
Art. 61. Enfin l'usufruit peut cesser par l'abus que l'usufruitier fait de sa jouissance, soit en commettant des dégradations sur le fonds, soit en le laissant dépérir faute d'entretien.
Dans ces divers cas, le juge peut, suivant la gravité des circonstances, ordonner la rentrée du propriétaire dans la jouissance de l'objet qui est grévé d'usufruit, à la charge de payer annuellement à l'usufruitier ou à ses ayans cause, une somme qui sera déterminée par le juge, en proportion de l'importance de l'usufruit et jusqu'à l'instant où l'usufruit devra cesser.
Art. 62. Quand tout l'usufruit est fini, la chose qui y était sujette, retourne et se réunit à la propriété, et dès lors celui qui n'avait que la propriété nue, commence à entrer dans une pleine et entière propriété de la chose.
